According to a study by Johns Hopkins University, which area is NOT a major performance area for new drivers?

The fundamental area of driving refers to basic skills that every driver needs to operate their vehicle effectively and safely. This includes understanding controls, basic vehicle operation, and foundational driving techniques. While essential for novice drivers, it is not categorized as a major performance area in the specific context referenced by the study from Johns Hopkins University.

In contrast, the operational area focuses on the control of the vehicle, which encompasses the practical aspects of handling the vehicle in various driving scenarios. The guidance area involves maneuvering the vehicle in a controlled manner to navigate safely around obstacles and through traffic. The navigational area deals with planning routes and understanding road signage to achieve destination goals. These areas are crucial for initial and ongoing driver performance and safety, distinguishing them from the fundamental skills that are a prerequisite but not a major performance area in this study.